Hub
When referring to a network, a hub is a basic networking device that connects multiple computers or other network devices together. In general, a hub refers to a hardware device that enables multiple devices or connections to be connected to a computer.
Router
A hardware device designed to take incoming packets, analyzing the packets and then directing them to the appropriate locations, moving the packets to another network, converting the packets to be moved across a different network interface, dropping the packets, or performing any other number of other actions.
A router has a lot more capabilities than other network devices such as a hub or a switch that are only able to perform basic network functions. For example, a hub is often used to transfer data between computers or network devices, but does not analyze or do anything with the data it is transferring. Routers however can analyze the data being sent over a network, change how it is packaged and send it to another network or over a different network. For example, routers are commonly used in home networks to share a single Internet connection with multiple computers.
Network card
Short for Network Interface Card, a NIC is also commonly referred to as a Ethernet card and network adapter and is an expansion card that enables a computer to connect to a network such as a home network or the Internet using an Ethernet cable with a RJ-45 connector. An SMC EZ Card 10/100 PCI network card, a network card commonly found in most desktop computers today that do not already have an integrated network on their motherboard.
A PC Card SMC EZ Card 10/100 wireless network card. These cards are used in laptop computers that do not have a built-in wireless network.
Connector
Hardware connectors are used to connect cable to computer, computer network known for the term of the RJ45 connector for a cable internet standard Category 5, and is commonly used for UTP cable.
Modem
Short for MODulator/DEModulator, the first Modem was first released by AT&T in 1960 when it introduced its dataphone. The Modem is a hardware device that enables a computer to send and receive information over telephone lines. The Modem is responsible for converting the digital data used by your computer into an analog signal used on phone lines and then converting it back once received on the other end. In the picture to the right, is a UsRobotics 56k external Faxmodem, an example of what an external dial-up Modem looks like.
Modems are referred to as an asynchronous device, meaning that the device transmits data in an intermittent stream of small packets. Once received, the receiving system then takes the data in the packets and reassembles it into a form the computer can use.
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